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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are medicated. It can ease symptoms but it also can cause negative side effects. If you experience adverse effects, speak to your GP about them. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed kind of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe for ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters that regulate the behavior and attention. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in both adults and children. It works by increasing the activity of brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate is also sometimes used to treat other ailments such as the condition known as narcolepsy. It can assist people suffering from narcolepsy to stay awake and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. This medication can be taken exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of abuse and the adverse effects. Methylphenidate may trigger psychotic symptoms for some people. It can also exacerbate behavior problems and tics in those with Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before beginning this medication, those suffering from these conditions should consult their doctor. It's important to tell your doctor if there are any other health problems or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, which is a yellow dye found in some processed foods and in some medications; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain medications, such as opioid medicines, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as isocarboxazid (Marplan) and linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar) or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol and other stimulants while taking methylphenidate. These drugs may cause a negative effect on your heart rate and blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and the chewable tablet with long-acting function and long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine, which can be dangerous if you have an inherited condition known as Phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, a medication that treats depression, works in the brain and improves mood. It also helps reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that occurs during the winter months of autumn and winter. It can also be used to help people stop smoking cigarettes by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been proven to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in several studies. The pooled fixed-effect RR for improvement over the course of a week (using a clinically meaningful change of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95% of the interval 0.95 to 1.37) and, for overall response, the proportion of better subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion group compared with 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions several different medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of seizures in people who have a history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions, and women who are nursing or pregnant should not take it. Bupropion is available in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available as Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available as generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, or TCAs are a class of medications that work by altering brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. Although they are not used as a first line treatment for depression anymore however, they could still be effective for some people. They work by inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine serotonin and noradrenaline by increasing their levels in neurons. They are also helpful in relieving a number of other ailments, such as pain syndromes and enuresis such as fibromyalgia, phantom limb syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed on their own or in combination with stimulants. They can help improve the symptoms of ADHD and may decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. They can also aid in managing tics. These are uncontrollable, repetitive movements or sounds such as blinking or throat clearing. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as sedation and dry mouth, and may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. These drugs may interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics, and should be avoided by pregnant women. They are also known to be teratogenic in animals and may cross the placenta. Talk to your doctor if concerned. There are newer antidepressants with a lower risk of side negative effects. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of drugs that hinder serotonin reuptake within neurons and increase the amount of serotonin available to signal. They also decrease anxiety and decrease impulsive behavior. They are often used as adhd medication because they improve symptoms in some people and can be helpful in conjunction with other medication. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine, and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from the body, however they are extensively metabolized the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in variable blood concentrations. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as generalized anxiety disorder, and bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline can help reduce PTSD primary symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs could cause a rare side effect known as sexual dysfunction. If you're considering taking one of these medications it is crucial to speak with your doctor. It is typical for people to have to test several different kinds of ADHD medications before they find the one that is most effective for them. Medications are constantly being developed and researched. It is crucial to inform your doctor about all medications you use. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). When stimulant drugs don't work for adults with ADHD doctors typically prescribe an antidepressant, also known as a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin, two brain chemicals. They also improve mood, reduce anxiety and depression. The SNRIs are similar in their side effects to TCAs but are safer. They are used to treat many ailments, such as anxiety disorders and long-term pain, such as fibromyalgia or nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression in addition. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption process of norepinephrine within the brain, which is a normal reaction after neurotransmission. This results in a larger-than-normal the phasic release of norepinephrine. The increase in norepinephrine helps increase concentration and mood. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are usually taken orally as pills but they can also be used as patches or liquids. The FDA approved an oral SNRI, called viloxazine or Qelbree for treating ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a controlled drug because it does not have the potential to be misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin in the brain. They are used for depression and anxiety disorders but also aid in the management of ADHD symptoms. SNRI medications such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD tests. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. It is important to consult with a physician prior taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly discarded medications can harm people and animals, so it is important to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs are not approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having less adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor regarding your child's health issues and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these drugs. SNRIs can raise the body's level of serotonin and norepinephrine however they aren't suitable for all. Women who are nursing or pregnant should stay clear of taking SNRIs as they may be absorbed through breast milk. Also, they should not be taken by those who suffer from high blood pressure, liver problems or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people who suffer from ADHD discover that medication can help increase their focus and concentration. They may also experience less impulse-driven behaviors. The medication is typically combined with behavior therapy and skills training, which helps people manage their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each person takes time. During this time, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find the right balance between the effects of side effects and the benefits. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate boost the activity of a certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and concentration. Although add adhd medication are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, they can also cause serious side effects such as diminished appetite and sleep problems. These effects typically subside within a few days as your body adjusts to the medication. Adults and children alike can take non-stimulant medicines. They take longer to start working, but they do increase concentration and control of impulses. They include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and the guanfacine. Antidepressants also help treat ADHD. They can boost norepinephrine levels which is a neurotransmitter found in the brain that aids in mood swings and depression. Bupropion is a prime example of an antidepressant that has been used for ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD, but drugmakers eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved the drug as a treatment for this condition.